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Titulus Crucis

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The Titulus Crucis (<a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "Title of the Cross") is a venerated piece of wood kept in the Church of <a href="Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">Santa Croce in Gerusalemme</a> in <a href="Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> which is claimed to be the <a href="Titulus_(inscription)" title="Titulus (inscription)">titulus</a> (title panel) of the <a href="True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> on which <a href="Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> <a href="Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">was crucified</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> It is venerated by some Catholics as a <a href="Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">relic associated with Jesus</a>. Its authenticity is disputed, with some scholars confirming a plausible authenticity,<a href="#cite_note-Hessemann-2">[2]</a> while others ignore<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> or consider it to be a medieval forgery.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> tests on the artifact have shown that it dates between 980 and 1146 AD.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>

The board is made of <a href="Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a> wood, 25 cm × 14 cm × 2.6 cm (9.8 in × 5.5 in × 1.0 in) and has a weight of 687 grams (1.515 lb). It is inscribed on one side with three lines, of which the first is mostly destroyed. The second line is written in Greek letters and <a href="Mirror_writing" title="Mirror writing">reversed script</a>, the third in Latin letters, also with reversed script.<a href="#cite_note-S8int-6">[6]</a> The Latin reads <a href="Iesus_Nazarenus_Rex_Iudaeorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum">Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum</a> ("Jesus the Nazarene King of the Jews"),<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> corresponding to <a href="John_19" title="John 19">John 19</a>:19<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and the initials <a href="INRI" class="mw-redirect" title="INRI">INRI</a>. The Titulus Crucis is also mentioned in the <a href="Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptics</a>: in Mark 15:26<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> (as the reason of the crucifixion), in <a href="Luke_23" title="Luke 23">Luke 23</a>:38<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and in <a href="Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">Matthew 27</a>:37.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Helena's_relic">Helena's relic</h2></div>

Saint <a href="Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Helena</a>, Roman Empress and mother of Emperor <a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, went on pilgrimage to the <a href="Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> and reportedly discovered the <a href="True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> and many other <a href="Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">relics</a> which were donated to the church of <a href="Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">Santa Croce in Gerusalemme</a> ("Holy Cross in <a href="Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>") which she had built in Rome about AD 325. Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso was made <a href="Cardinal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal priest">cardinal priest</a> of the church in 1124 and, some time before he became <a href="Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Pope Lucius II</a> in 1144, he renovated the church and had the relic deposited in a box that bears his seal as a cardinal.<a href="#cite_note-Nickell-12">[12]</a> The box was apparently forgotten until 1 February 1492, when workers restoring a <a href="Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> discovered it hidden behind a brick that was inscribed "Titulus Crucis".<a href="#cite_note-Nickell-12">[12]</a> <a href="Pedro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza" title="Pedro González de Mendoza">Pedro González de Mendoza</a>, Spanish cardinal priest of Santa Croce at the time, encouraged veneration of the rediscovered relic.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Jerusalem_relics">Other Jerusalem relics</h2></div>

Some Christian pilgrims who visited Jerusalem in the centuries between Helena and Pope Lucius reported seeing Christ's titulus there: <a href="Egeria_(pilgrim)" title="Egeria (pilgrim)">Egeria</a> reported that in AD 383 "A silver-gilt casket is brought in which is the holy wood of the Cross. The casket is opened and (the wood) is taken out, and both the wood of the Cross and the title are placed upon the table."<a href="#cite_note-15">[a]</a> <a href="Antoninus_of_Piacenza_(pilgrim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoninus of Piacenza (pilgrim)">Antoninus of Piacenza</a> in the 6th century described a titulus of "nut" wood with the inscription "Hic est rex Iudaeorum" ("Here is the king of the Jews"), corresponding to Luke 23:38.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authenticity">Authenticity</h2></div>

In 1997, the German author and historian <a href="Michael_Hesemann" title="Michael Hesemann">Michael Hesemann</a> investigated the relic. Hesemann presented the inscription of the title to seven experts on Hebrew, Greek and Latin <a href="Palaeography" title="Palaeography">palaeography</a>: <a href="Gabriel_Barkay" title="Gabriel Barkay">Gabriel Barkay</a> of the <a href="Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a>; <a href="Hanan_Eshel" title="Hanan Eshel">Hanan Eshel</a>, Ester Eshel and Leah Di Segni of the <a href="Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>; <a href="Israel_Roll" title="Israel Roll">Israel Roll</a> and <a href="Benjamin_Isaac" title="Benjamin Isaac">Benjamin Isaac</a> of the <a href="University_of_Tel_Aviv" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Tel Aviv">University of Tel Aviv</a> and <a href="Carsten_Peter_Thiede" title="Carsten Peter Thiede">Carsten Peter Thiede</a> of the <a href="Ben-Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion University of the Negev">Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</a>. According to Hesemann, none of the consulted experts found any indication of medieval or late antique forged writing. They all dated the scripts to a timeframe between the 1st and the 3rd–4th centuries AD, with a majority of experts preferring—and none of them excluding—the 1st century. Hesemann concluded that it is very well possible that the writing on the Titulus Crucis is indeed authentic.<a href="#cite_note-Hessemann-2">[2]</a>

<a href="Carsten_Peter_Thiede" title="Carsten Peter Thiede">Carsten Peter Thiede</a> suggested that the Titulus Crucis is likely to be identical to a genuine part of the True Cross, written by a <a href="Scribe#Judaism" title="Scribe">Jewish scribe</a>. He said that the <a href="INRI" class="mw-redirect" title="INRI">order of the languages</a> matches what is historically plausible, as it differs from the order found in the canonical <a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. He surmises that if the relic were counterfeit, the forger would have directly copied the biblical text.<a href="#cite_note-S8int-6">[6]</a> <a href="Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a> refers to this argument as "trying to psychoanalyze the dead," saying that "Forgers—particularly of another era—may do something cleverer or dumber or simply different from what we would expect."<a href="#cite_note-Nickell-12">[12]</a>

In 2002, the <a href="Roma_Tre_University" title="Roma Tre University">Roma Tre University</a> conducted <a href="Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> tests on the artifact, and it was shown to have been made between 980 and 1146 AD.<a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> The Titulus Crucis recovered from the residence of Helena is therefore most likely a medieval artifact; the Italian classicist Maria Rigato discussed the possibility that it is a copy of a now-lost original.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics associated with Jesus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">Arma Christi</a></li>

<li><a href="Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">Crown of thorns</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Sponge" title="Holy Sponge">Holy Sponge</a></li>

<li><a href="Lance_of_Longinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lance of Longinus">Lance of Longinus</a></li>

<li><a href="True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Latin original: "et affertur loculus argenteus deauratus, in quo est lignum sanctum crucis, aperitur et profertur, ponitur in mensa tam lignum crucis quam titulus."<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The uncalibrated radio-carbon date was 1020 ± 30 BP, calibrated as AD 996–1023 (1σ) and AD 980–1146 (2σ), using the method of <a href="Calibration_of_radiocarbon_dates" class="mw-redirect" title="Calibration of radiocarbon dates">calibration of radiocarbon dates</a> INTCAL98. These results were published in the <a href="Peer-review" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-review">peer-reviewed</a> journal Radiocarbon.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMarijan_Dović,_Jón_Karl_Helgason2016" class="citation book cs1">Marijan Dović, Jón Karl Helgason (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdSYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">National Poets, Cultural Saints: Canonization and Commemorative Cults of Writers in Europe National Cultivation of Culture</a>. BRILL. p. 30. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9004335400</bdi>. Retrieved 28 January 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Hessemann-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hessemann_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hessemann_2-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michaelhesemann.ibk.me/19_8.html">Titulus Crucis - The title of the cross of Jesus Christ? by Michael Hessemann"</a>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Morris, Colin The sepulchre of Christ and the medieval West: from the beginning to 1600 OUP Oxford (17 Mar 2005) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-826928-1</bdi> p.32 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URaNqLThbDkC&pg=PA32">[1]</a>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Byrne, Ryan; McNary-Zak, Bernadette Resurrecting the Brother of Jesus: The James Ossuary Controversy and the Quest for Religious Relics The University of North Carolina Press (15 Aug 2009) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8078-3298-1</bdi> p.87 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_R50kbDC0LIC&pg=PA87">[2]</a>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFBellaAzzi2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bella, Francesco; Azzi, Carlo (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200032136">"14C Dating of the Titulus Crucis"</a>. Radiocarbon. 44 (3). University of Arizona: 685–689. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200032136">10.1017/S0033822200032136</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8222">0033-8222</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131394510">131394510</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-S8int-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S8int_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S8int_6-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.s8int.com/page40.html">'TITULUS CRUCIS'..Evidence that the Actual Sign Posted Above The Lord on The Cross Has Been Located?</a>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Antoninii Placentini Itinerarium, in <a href="Corpus_Christianorum" title="Corpus Christianorum">Corpus Christianorum</a>, Series Latina, Vol. 175, 130.

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:37&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:37</a>

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<li id="cite_note-Nickell-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nickell_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nickell_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nickell_12-2">c</a> Joe Nickell, Relics of the Christ (The University Press of Kentucky, 1 March 2007) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8131-2425-4</bdi>, pp. 87–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/relicsofchrist00joen/page/88">[3]</a>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCampbell2019" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Gordon (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VCiPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">The Oxford Illustrated History of the Renaissance</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 105. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-871615-0</bdi>. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Itinerarium Egeriae, 37, 1

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<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRigato2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rigato, Maria-Luisa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zn-kyk2YHYoC">Il titolo della Croce di Gesù: confronto tra i Vangeli e la Tavoletta-reliquia della Basilica Eleniana a Roma</a> (in Italian) (2nd ed.). Dottorato nella Facoltà di Teologia. Pontificia Università Gregoriana. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-88-7652-969-6</bdi>.</cite>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosaryworkshop.com/ROME-Pilgrimage-Crx.html">Rosary Workshop on the Titulus Crucis</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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